The Oxford Calculators were a group of four Merton College mathematicians consisting of Thomas Bradwardine, William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, and John Dumbleton. The Oxford Calculators differentiated kinematics from dynamics. Their studies emphasized kinematics, and included the investigation of instantaneous velocity. They were the first to enunciate the mean speed theorem, which states that a body traveling at constant velocity will cover the same distance in the same time as an accelerated body if its velocity is half the final speed of the accelerated body. They were able to demonstrate this theorem even without Galileo's formulation,